The Dunning–Kruger effect is a cognitive bias in which people with limited competence in a particular domain overestimate their abilities. It was first described by the psychologists David Dunning and Justin Kruger in 1999.

From my 40-odd years of experience in teaching/assessing and testing individuals who are in the process of becoming licensed drivers or who aspire to become licensed drivers. There are some who (for different reasons) *self-assess themselves (subjective ability) as better drivers than their actual performance (objective ability).

 Drivers with previous licenses from other countries, or mature drivers required to take a road test, tend to assess their abilities based on the quantity of their driving experience rather than the quality.

 Men are generally more prone to the overconfidence side of the Dunning-Kruger effect (overestimating ability), while women tend towards underestimating (female humility), though the core effect isn't gender-exclusive, just that the bias direction differs, leading to "male hubris" and "female humility".

 Men often show higher self-assessments, even when skills are equal, whereas women might underestimate theirs, creating different expressions of the bias. 

 This phenomenon occurs in all walks of life, across various professions, but in driving, it can sometimes lead to inexperienced individuals on the road who pose a danger to others who have taken the time to learn properly and gone through the system in a way that professional training and graduated licensing was intended to correct.

* The self-assessment is sometimes called subjective ability in contrast to the objective ability corresponding to the actual performance.